제  목 : Working with sewage: The health hazards - A guide for employers
  일  자 : 1998년 08월
  제공처 : Internet

  Working with sewage: The health hazards - A guide for employers
  ===============================================================

    ㅇ Introduction
    ㅇ Who is at risk?
    ㅇ What this leaflet is about
    ㅇ What is sewage?
    ㅇ What are the health risks?
    ㅇ How do micro-organisms enter the body?
    ㅇ Protecting workers from risks to health
    ㅇ Further guidance from HSE
    ㅇ Additional information

  Introduction
  ------------

Several work activities bring workers into contact with sewage and sewage
products.

Each year, some workers will suffer from at least one episode of work-related
illness.

The majority of illnesses are relatively mild cases of gastroenteritis, but
potentially fatal diseases, such as leptospirosis (Weil's disease) and
hepatitis, are also reported to HSE.

However, there could well be significant under-reporting of cases because
there is often failure to recognise the link between illness and work.

  Who is at risk?
  ---------------

If you work in one of the following areas, your health, or that of your
employees, may be at risk:

   ㅇ Local authority employees involved in sewer inspection and maintenance
      work
   ㅇ Construction workers who repair or replace live sewers
   ㅇ Water company employees who work with sewage treatment plant
   ㅇ Agricultural and forestry workers who may be exposed to sewage sludge
   ㅇ Sludge tanker drivers/operators and associated maintenance staff
   ㅇ Plumbers
   ㅇ Employees who clean and maintain the underside of railway carriages and
      empty aircraft sewage compartments and other types of portable
      lavatories.

  What this leaflet is about
  --------------------------

This leaflet describes some of the risks and the ways in which they can be
either eliminated or reduced. It follows the principles of the Control of
Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1994. This leaflet does not set out
or interpret the law - it has been produced simply to help you.

  What is sewage?
  ---------------

The term may be used to mean raw sewage, sewage sludge, or septic tank waste.

Raw sewage is mainly water containing excrement, industrial effluent and
debris, such as sanitary towels, condoms, plastic etc.

Excrement is the major source of harmful micro-organisms, including bacteria,
viruses and parasites.

Sewage treatment reduces the water content and removes debris, but does not
kill or remove all the micro-organisms.

  What are the health risks?
  --------------------------

Exposure to sewage or its products may result in a number of illnesses. These
include:

   ㅇ Gastroenteritis, characterised by cramping stomach pains, diarrhoea and
      vomiting
   ㅇ Weil's disease, a flu-like illness with persistent and severe headache,
      transmitted by rat urine. Damage to liver, kidneys and blood may occur
      and the condition can be fatal
   ㅇ Hepatitis, characterised by inflammation of the liver, and jaundice
   ㅇ Occupational asthma, resulting in attacks of breathlessness, chest
      tightness and wheezing, and produced by the inhalation of living or dead
      organisms
   ㅇ Infection of skin or eyes
   ㅇ Rarely, allergic alveolitis (inflammation of the lung) with fever,
      breathlessness, dry cough, and aching muscles and joints

  How do micro-organisms enter the body?
  --------------------------------------

     The most common way is by hand-to-mouth contact during eating, drinking
     and smoking, or by wiping the face with contaminated hands or gloves, or
     by licking splashes from the skin.
     By skin contact, through cuts, scratches, or penetrating wounds, ie from
     discarded hypodermic needles. Certain organisms can enter the body
     through the surfaces of the eyes, nose and mouth.
     By breathing them in, as either dust, aerosol or mist.

  Protecting workers from risks to health
  ---------------------------------------

Since micro-organisms are an inherent part of sewage, the hazard cannot be
eliminated.

However, a proper assessment of risk is required, but this should not include
analysis of sewage for micro-organisms as they can constantly change.

Exposure to sewage should be eliminated or minimised by, for example, using
remote-controlled robotic cameras for sewer inspection; drying sludge before
disposal; incineration of sludge; injection of sewage into land rather than
spreading; damming and bypass pumping of sewer sections prior to
reconstruction.

The following measures can further reduce risk of infection and illness:

     Ensure that employees and line management understand the risks through
     proper instruction, training and supervision.
     Provide suitable personal protective equipment, that may include
     waterproof/abrasion-resistant gloves, footwear, eye and respiratory
     protection. Face visors are particularly effective against splashes.

Equipment selection and a proper system for inspection and maintenance are
important.

     Provide adequate welfare facilities, including clean water, soap,
     nailbrushes, disposable paper towels, and where heavy contamination is
     foreseeable, showers. For remote locations portable welfare facilities
     should be provided.

Areas for storage of clean and contaminated equipment should be segregated and
separate from eating facilities.

     Provide adequate first-aid equipment, including clean water or sterile
     wipes for cleansing wounds, and a supply of sterile, waterproof, adhesive
     dressings.
     HSE pocket card Working with sewage - the health hazards (IND(G)197L)
     reminds employees of all precautions they need to take to reduce the risk
     of infection, and will also be helpful to doctors in case of illness.
     Make effective arrangements for monitoring the health of staff.

  Further guidance from HSE
  --------------------------

Working with sewage - the health hazards: A guide for employees (IND(G)197L*

Leptospirosis - are you at risk? IND(G)84L *

A short guide to the Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992
IND(G)174L*

Workplace health, safety and welfare: A short guide for managers IND(G)170L*

* Free from HSE Books

HSE video Microbiological risk when working with sewage and sludge
accompanying this leaflet is available from: CFL Vision, PO Box 35, Wetherby,
West Yorks LS23 7EX, tel 01937 541010, fax 01937 541083

This leaflet is available in priced packs (two leaflets and 20 employees'
pocket cards IND(G)197L, price ?5.00) from HSE Books, ISBN 0 7176 0987 1.
Single copies of both publications are also available free from HSE Books.

HSE priced and free publications are available by mail order from: HSE Books,
PO Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 6FS, tel 01787 881165, fax 01787 313995.
Priced publications are also available from good bookstores.

Other enquiries should be directed to HSE's Information Centre, Broad Lane,
Sheffeld S3 7HQ, tel 0114 289 2345, fax 0114 289 2333.

  Additional information
  ----------------------

General advice and information is available from your local HSE area office
(see under Health and Safety Executive in your telephone directory). Advice on
medical or health matters can be obtained from HSE's Employment Medical
Advisory Service.

                This leaflet contains notes on good
                practice which are not compulsory
                but which you may find helpful in
                considering what you need to do.

This publication may be freely reproduced, except for advertising, endorsement
or commercial purposes. The information is current at 2/96. Please acknowledge
the source as HSE.