제  목 : Health risks from metalworking fluids:Aspects of good machine design
  일  자 : 1998년 08월
  제공처 : Internet

   Health risks from metalworking fluids : Aspects of good machine design
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    ㅇ METALWORKING FLUIDS AND YOU
    ㅇ WHAT ARE METALWORKING FLUIDS?
    ㅇ WHEN MAY THEY BE HARMFUL?
    ㅇ HOW CAN METALWORKING FLUIDS AFFECT YOUR
    ㅇ HEALTH?
    ㅇ WHAT ARE THE LEGAL REQUIREMENTS?
    ㅇ LEGAL REQUIREMENTS
    ㅇ SPECIALIST ADVICE
    ㅇ DESIGN PRINCIPLES
    ㅇ WHAT INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE?
    ㅇ HSC/E PUBLICATIONS

  
   ---------------------------

     This leaflet gives information on the health risks that may result from
     significant exposure to metalworking fluids, and what you should do to
     avoid these risks.

   WHAT ARE METALWORKING FLUIDS?
   -----------------------------

     They contain mineral oils or synthetic lubricants and may be used neat or
     in a water-mix. They may be called 'coolant', 'suds', 'slurry', 'soup',
     'water' etc, and are applied to the metal being worked to provide
     cooling, lubrication, swarf removal and corrosion protection.
     Metalworking fluids may also contain other substances such as
     emulsifiers, stabilisers, corrosion inhibitors, biocides, fragrances and
     extreme pressure additives.

   WHEN MAY THEY BE HARMFUL?
   -------------------------

     Metalworking fluids are applied by continuous jet, spray, mist or by hand
     dispenser. Skin contact occurs during preparation or draining of the
     fluids, handling workpieces, from splashes during machining, changing and
     setting of tools, and during maintenance and cleaning of machines.
     Inhalable (breathable) aerosols or oil mist and fumes (smoke) can be
     generated during machine operations. This can also affect other people in
     the workplace not directly involved with the machining process.

   HOW CAN METALWORKING FLUIDS AFFECT YOUR HEALTH?
   -----------------------------------------------

     All types of metalworking fluids may cause irritation of the skin or
     dermatitis.
     If you suffered from severe eczema as a child you have a high risk of
     dermatitis when exposed to metalworking fluids.
     Water-mix metalworking fluids may cause irritant or allergic contact
     dermatitis from exposure to some of their chemical constituents or
     contaminants, including swarf and fine particles.
     Neat oils in prolonged and regular contact with the skin can cause
     irritation of the hair roots (folliculitis or oil acne).
     Exposure to metalworking fluid mists may cause irritation of the eyes,
     nose and throat and occasionally breathing difficulties such as
     bronchitis and asthma.
     In the case of water-mix fluids, breathing difficulties may be caused by
     exposure or sensitisation to chemicals in the fluid or by sensitisation
     to bacteria which may contaminate the fluid.
     The use of unrefined mineral oils has in the past led to skin cancer
     affecting the exposed skin of the hands and forearms. Oil-soaked clothing
     and oily rags kept in overalls caused scrotal cancer. The use of refined
     oils together with changes in work practice and improved personal hygiene
     have reduced this risk.

   WHAT ARE THE LEGAL REQUIREMENTS?
   ---------------------------------

     Metalworking fluids normally contain substances hazardous to health and
     are subject to the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations
     (COSHH). This means that your exposure by inhalation, ingestion or skin
     contact must be prevented where reasonably practicable or, failing that,
     adequately controlled.
     Folliculitis (oil acne) or skin cancer must be reported under the
     Reporting of Injuries, Diseases ＆ Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1985
     (RIDDOR) to HSE. It is recommended that any work-related ill health which
     causes three consecutive days of incapacity at your normal work, or which
     needs hospital treatment, is reported in the same manner.
     Suitable eye protection should be worn when you are handling metalworking
     fluids or when at risk of being splashed. All personal protective
     equipment should be consistent with the Personal Protective Equipment
     Regulations and be suitable for the purpose.

   LEGAL REQUIREMENTS
   ------------------

 The primary requirements applying to suppliers of new machines are in The
 Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 1992. Since 1 January 1995 new
 machines have been required to meet the essential health and safety
 requirements in schedule 3. These Regulations deal with a variety of risks but
 in the context of metalworking fluids, clause 1.5.13 requiring the avoidance
 or control of emissions of gases, liquids, dusts, vapours and waste materials
 will be relevant. Duties on designers, manufacturers, importers and suppliers
 in section 6 of the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 will continue to
 apply.

 Many metalworking fluids are, or contain, substances hazardous to health. They
 can also be contaminated in use with substances such as micro-organisms which
 can cause respiratory sensitisation. Their use is therefore subject to the
 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH). These require
 users to ensure that exposure to such substances by inhalation, skin contact
 or ingestion is prevented where reasonably practicable or, failing that, is
 adequately controlled.

   SPECIALIST ADVICE
   -----------------

 There are various companies offering specialist services in aspects of good
 machine design, including swarf handling and filtration, and who have
 considerable experience which is available to industry. Most metalworking
 fluid suppliers will also be able to provide advice.

   DESIGN PRINCIPLES
   -----------------

   

     Coolant tanks should be made of suitable materials compatible with the
     metalworking fluid used. Any painted part of a machine likely to come in
     contact with metalworking fluids should be resistant to the fluid used.
     Where inappropriate coatings are used, these may flake off and cause
     problems, for example by blocking filters. In practice, this may mean
     that coolant tanks are unpainted inside.
     The tanks should be complete with lifting points, visual coolant level
     indicator and coolant filling point.
     The coolant capacity should be suitable for the correct function of the
     machine tool. Coolant capacity and residence time will have an effect on
     the temperature rise of the metalworking fluid, air entrainment /
     frothing and the settlement of swarf. Settlement is dependent on the
     density of the swarf and the surface area and depth of the tank (ie
     settlement is quicker in a shallow tank with a large surface area). It is
     difficult to give firm guidance on coolant residence time in the machine
     tank. As an example, however, grinding machines should aim for ten
     minutes residence time to allow adequate settlement of fines and
     entrained air to dissipate. This means that a machine having 'V' litres
     per minute delivery at the cutting area should ideally have a total
     coolant capacity of around 10 V litres.
     When settlement/sedimentation occurs by design, cleaning should be made
     easier by the design, eg 'rounded' corners in containers.

   

     The pipework of coolant systems should be large enough to allow adequate
     coolant flow in the machining area.
     The design should minimise the number of pipework bends and kinks. These
     allow unwanted accumulations of sediments and invariably restrict the
     flow of the coolant.

     Coolant distribution should be optimised by the design of the nozzle so
     that the flow is directed correctly to the workpiece. Unwanted coolant
     flow should be minimised by careful programming of the machine cycle.
     Both these features can help prevent unnecessary spray and splashing.
     Where practicable, the total coolant content should return to storage
     under gravity when the machine is stopped, so that there are no stagnant
     areas within the equipment.

     Sound design should ensure that pumps and associated pipework are
     accessible and pipe-runs kept short. Pipework carrying solids from the
     If neglected, some health problems caused by metalworking fluids can be
     disabling and permanent, requiring a change in occupation.
     Always report problems with your skin or chest in the first instance to
     your works doctor or nurse if there is one. If not, report them to
     another responsible person at work and see your family doctor.
     If a skin problem occurs, you should be seen by a doctor with knowledge
     of occupational skin disease. Breathing problems should be investigated
     by a doctor with a knowledge of occupational lung disease.
     Ask your supervisor or safety representative if you have any problems or
     discuss them with your employer, factory nurse or doctor at work.

    WHAT INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE?
    ------------------------------

    

   Health surveillance of occupational skin disease MS24 1991
   ISBN 0 11 885583 3

   Medical aspects of occupational asthma MS25 1991
   ISBN 0 11 885584 0

   Health risks from metalworking fluids - aspects of good
   machine design IND(G)167L 1994

   Management of metalworking fluids - a guide to good practice
   for minimising risks to health IND(G) 168L 1994

   Health surveillance programmes for employees exposed
   to metalworking fluids - guidance for the responsible person
   IND(G) 165L 1994

   Management of metalworking fluids (wallchart) IND(G) 166L
   1994 Available from HSE, Tel: 0121 200 2299

   Skin creams and skin protection in the engineering sector NIS/10/14 1994
   Available from HSE, Tel: 0121 200 2299

   Metalworking fluids - health precautions EH62 1991 ISBN 0 11 885667 7
   (This contains a comprehensive list of other documents giving greater
   detail on related matters.)

   Further information is available from your HSE area office which
   you will find listed in the telephone directory under Health and
   Safety Executive.

   HSE publications are available by mail order from: HSE Books, PO Box 1999,
   Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 6FS Tel: 01787 881 165 Fax: 01787 313995

   HSE priced publications are also available from all good booksellers

   Other enquiries should be directed to HSE's Public Enquiry Point,
   Broad Lane, Sheffield S3 7HQ

    Tel: 0114 289 2345 Fax: 0114 289 2333

     Unnecessary exposure to metalworking fluids should be avoided. For
     example, coolant flow should automatically be stopped or diverted when
     the cutter stops, if operators have to put their hands into the machining
     area when placing or removing components or during setting.
     Some machines may require a cooling system for the metalworking fluid.
     This is particularly so with high pressure delivery systems and with
     machines using neat oils, as these do not disperse heat so readily.

   HSC/E PUBLICATIONS
   -------------------

   Metalworking fluids: health precautions EH62 1992 ISBN 0 11 885667 7

   The carcinogenicity of mineral oils EH58 1990 ISBN 0 11 885581 6

   Management of metalworking fluids - a guide to good practice for
   minimising risks to health INDG168 1994

   Metalworking fluids and you INDG169 1994

   Health surveillance programmes for employees exposed to metalworking
   fluids - guidance for the responsible person INDG165 1994

   The future availability and accuracy of the references listed in this
   publication cannot be guaranteed.

   HSE priced and free publications are available by mail order from:
   HSE Books, PO Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 6FS.
   Tel: 0787 881 165 Fax: 0787 313995.
   HSE priced publications are also available from good booksellers.

  For other enquiries ring HSE's InfoLine Tel: 0541 545500, or write to HSE's
  Information Centre, Broad Lane, Sheffield S3 7HQ.

                This leaflet contains notes on good
                practice which are not compulsory
                but which you may find helpful in
                considering what you need to do.

This publication may be freely reproduced, except for advertising, endorsement
or commercial purposes. The information it contains is current at 8/97. Please
acknowledge the source as HSE.